It’s called revenge porn, and it’s legal in everywhere in the United States but California and New Jersey. An increasing number of states are considering whether to make it illegal to post any sexually explicit image online without that person’s permission. But groups like the American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation say they worry such proposals run afoul of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which protects free speech.

“We generally don’t think that finding more ways to put people in prison for speech is a good thing,” said Adi Kamdar, an activist at the Electronic Frontier Foundation. “A lot of times, these laws — if they aren’t narrowly focused enough — they can be interpreted too broadly.”

Chiarini, a single mother from Maryland, said the night her boyfriend said he was going to post the photos, she “called the police in an absolute panic and tried to explain what was going on. The police, she said, responded, “‘So?’”

In a particularly disturbing twist the revenge porn phenomenon, some of the sites appear to be running side businesses offering “reputation protection services”: Dump $500 into a PayPal account and maybe they will take down your photo.

Mary Anne Franks, a law professor at the University of Miami who is helping states draft revenge porn laws, argues that sharing a nude picture with another person implies limited consent similar to other business transactions.

“If you give your credit card to a waiter, you aren’t giving him permission to buy a yacht,” Franks said.

The precise scope of the problem is unclear because many victims never come forward or are frequently turned away by the police. Two of the most popular revenge sites have gone dark in recent years amid hacking allegations and a class-action lawsuit. But advocates estimate there are dozens of other sites that continue to post pornographic images without that person’s consent.

Law enforcement officials have been stumped on how to respond. Website operators aren’t liable for content provided by others, unless the images are child pornography. And anti-harassment and cyberstalking laws don’t apply unless the ex-partner threatens the victim or attempts repeated contact.

Chiarini says she remembers one police officer thumbing through a black book at his desk before finally shrugging his shoulders and telling her no crime had been committed.

Copyright protections, too, wouldn’t help because she wasn’t the one who took the photos. And even if she had, victim advocates say, most revenge sites routinely ignore “take-down” infringement complaints, knowing that the victims can’t go to the expense of pursuing further legal action.

Maryland Delegate Jon Cardin is among the latest of several state legislators to propose a new revenge porn law. His proposal would make it a felony to intentionally distribute sexually explicit digital images of another person without consent, punishable by up to five years in jail and a $25,000 fine.

The bill would exclude images deemed to have “public importance” — an exemption carved out in response to critics who say such laws would criminalize journalists who publish explicit photos. The legislation also wouldn’t hold liable anyone who links to a revenge posting.

Still absent from Cardin’s list of vocal supporters is the ACLU, one country’s most prominent civil liberties group. Its California office worked this fall to dilute similar legislation. That bill, signed last month by Gov. Jerry Brown, makes revenge porn a misdemeanor but contains a big loophole: It applies only to images captured by the partner, exempting self-portraits.

Lee Rowland, an ACLU staff attorney in New York, says self-portraits create a more complex question on the expectation of privacy because the subject shared the image willingly.

“We understand that revenge porn is destructive and that there are real victims from it,” said Rowland.

But she added: “I don’t think we’ve been convinced that criminal laws — new nonviolent crimes — are necessary or necessarily effective in dealing with revenge porn.”

As for Chiarini, Ebay and the video-sharing site that published her photos agreed to take them down immediately. Her son’s school didn’t kick out the family, although it insisted on keeping the disc of nude photos in a file. And Chiarini never lost her job. Chiarini has since been working with Jacobs’ Cyber Civil Rights Initiative, an advocacy group that targets online harassment issues, to raise awareness and help other victims.

“I hit my low, now it’s time to fight back,” said Chiarini. “I don’t want to feel that way ever again.”

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